Requires SSE 4.1
It appears that pyarrow requires a CPU with SSE 4.1 due to the PINSRQ instruction:
$ objdump -S /usr/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pyarrow/lib.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so | grep pinsrq
2a8de: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
2ad78: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
2b896: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
2b96b: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
2ba16: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
2bb40: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
2d621: 66 48 0f 3a 22 c0 01 pinsrq $0x1,%rax,%xmm0
...
The first PINSRQ instruction gets called right at the module import. In case the CPU does not support SSE 4.1:
$ python -c "import pyarrow"
Illegal instruction (core dumped)
This is also an issue for the upstream wheel: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/20848#issuecomment-2100043806