Currently, there exists a race between delayed allocated writes and
the writeback when bigalloc feature is in use. The race was because we
wanted to determine what blocks in a cluster are under delayed
allocation and we were using buffer_delayed(bh) check for it. But, the
writeback codepath clears this bit without any synchronization which
resulted in a race and an ext4 warning similar to:

EXT4-fs (ram1): ext4_da_update_reserve_space: ino 13, used 1 with only 0
		reserved data blocks

The race existed in two places.
(1) between ext4_find_delalloc_range() and ext4_map_blocks() when called from
    writeback code path.
(2) between ext4_find_delalloc_range() and ext4_da_get_block_prep() (where
    buffer_delayed(bh) is set.

To fix (1), this patch introduces a new buffer_head state bit -
BH_Da_Mapped.  This bit is set under the protection of
EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem when we have actually mapped the delayed
allocated blocks during the writeout time. We can now reliably check
for this bit inside ext4_find_delalloc_range() to determine whether
the reservation for the blocks have already been claimed or not.

To fix (2), it was necessary to set buffer_delay(bh) under the
protection of i_data_sem.  So, I extracted the very beginning of
ext4_map_blocks into a new function - ext4_da_map_blocks() - and
performed the required setting of bh_delay bit and the quota
reservation under the protection of i_data_sem.  These two fixes makes
the checking of buffer_delay(bh) and buffer_da_mapped(bh) consistent,
thus removing the race.

Tested: I was able to reproduce the problem by running 'dd' and
'fsync' in parallel. Also, xfstests sometimes used to reproduce this
race. After the fix both my test and xfstests were successful and no
race (warning message) was observed.

Google-Bug-Id: 4997027

Signed-off-by: Aditya Kali <adityakali@google.com>
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>